Abstract

The death penalty is still controversial in the international legal system. Australia and New Zealand have abolished the death penalty in accordance with changing international human rights standards, whereas Bangladesh still uses it, citing public opinion and deterrence. The historical, legal, and human rights aspects of the death penalty in these jurisdictions are examined in this comparative legal analysis. The study attempts to offer suggestions for reform in Bangladesh by assessing the efficiency of substitute penalties and consequences of abolition.

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Background

One of the most problematic procedures in the international legal system is the death sentence. Critics contend that it breaches fundamental human rights, especially the right to life, and runs the risk of making mistakes that cannot be undone, while supporters assert that it guarantees justice for victims and acts as a deterrent against horrible crimes. The death penalty is used in Bangladesh for offenses like drug trafficking, terrorism, and murder. Its preservation is highly appreciated by the public, which frequently views it as an essential instrument for upholding justice and order. Australia and New Zealand, on the other hand, have completely abolished the death penalty due to human rights issues and the death penalty’s lack of deterrent power. A strong foundation for comparative legal study is provided by this divergence. In addition to examining the possibility of abolition in Bangladesh, the paper places the death penalty controversy within the framework of international human rights standards.

1.2 Research question

These important questions are addressed in this study:

1. Are fundamental human rights violated by the death penalty?
2. What lessons may Bangladesh take up from the abolition policies of Australia and New Zealand?
3. What other sanctions might be used to maintain public safety and justice?
4. What effects does the death penalty’s abolition have on victim justice and public safety?
5. What legal, social, and political obstacles must Bangladesh get beyond in order to move toward abolition?

1.3 Methodology

The study uses a framework for comparative legal analysis and focuses on case studies and doctrinal research. Important components of the approach consist of:

• Legal Frameworks: Analysis of Bangladeshi, Australian, and New Zealand judicial interpretations, statutes, and constitutional provisions.

• Resources for Human Rights: Examining international agreements, especially the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and its Second Optional Protocol, to determine whether they adhere to international standards.
• Case Studies: Detailed examination of key cases to illustrate judicial reasoning and societal effects, such as R v. Tait in Australia and significant capital punishment cases in Bangladesh.

• Comparative Analysis: A methodical examination of the legal, cultural, and sociopolitical aspects that affect whether the death penalty is upheld or abolished in the three jurisdictions.

By integrating these methods, the study seeks to offer recommendations specific to Bangladesh’s particular situation while also presenting a thorough grasp of the efficacy and consequences of removing the death sentence.

Chapter 2: History and Background

2.1 Bangladesh

Bangladesh’s colonial period under British rule is where the death penalty’s historical growth may be found. The foundation of the nation’s legal system regarding the death penalty is the Penal Code of 1860, which was passed down from the British colonial government. The death penalty is used to crimes including drug trafficking, terrorism, and murder, which is a holdover from colonial legal customs. Bangladesh continues to use the death penalty in spite of worldwide abolition tendencies, frequently citing the public’s desire for justice and deterrent as justifications. Concerns regarding possible abuse and the possibility of judicial errors have been raised by the judiciary’s repeated upholding of the death penalty in instances that are politically delicate.

Human rights groups both domestically and internationally have denounced Bangladesh’s application of the death penalty in recent years. Particularly contentious have been claims of political prejudice and inadequate due process surrounding the execution of opposition figures after trials by the International Crimes Tribunal. These objections highlight the necessity of reevaluating the death penalty’s place in Bangladesh’s legal system, especially in view of the country’s obligations under international human rights treaties.

2.2 Australia

The abolition process in Australia was a slow and locally specific one. Ronald Ryan was hanged in Victoria in 1967, marking Australia’s final execution. Widespread public discussion about the issue resulted in state-level legislative reforms. Every Australian state and territory abolished the death penalty during the ensuing decades, with New South Wales becoming the final one to do so in 1985. By establishing a nationwide ban, the Crimes Legislation Amendment (Torture Prohibition and Death Penalty Abolition) Act 2010 made sure that the death penalty will never be used again.

Public hostility to the death penalty, the realization that it was ineffectual as a deterrent, and the growing sway of international human rights standards were some of the causes that led to Australia’s abolition. Famous cases like R v. Tait (1979) changed the judicial outlook away from retaliation by highlighting the value of proportionality and the potential for rehabilitation. Australia’s abolitionist views have also improved its standing when it comes to international human rights advocacy.

2.3 New Zealand

Although New Zealand’s abolitionist path is similar to Australia’s in many ways, it stands out for having abandoned the death penalty sooner and with greater vigor. In 1961, the Crimes Act eliminated the death sentence for all crimes, although it had previously only been applied to treason and murder. Decades of advocacy and public discussion, fueled by cases exposing the justice system’s shortcomings, culminated in this legislative milestone.

The increasing awareness of the dangers of erroneous convictions and the final outcome of executions was one of the main forces toward abolition in New Zealand. In the middle of the 20th century, public opinion underwent a dramatic change as a result of growing understanding of international human rights norms and shifting societal values. Since then, New Zealand’s abolitionist views have grown to be a fundamental part of its character as a progressive, rights-abiding country.

2.4 Comparative Perspectives

Bangladesh can learn a lot from the legal and historical paths taken by Australia and New Zealand. Through a mix of judicial leadership, legislative reforms, and popular movement, both nations made the shift from retentionist to abolitionist regimes. Their strategies were greatly influenced by the focus on human rights protection, rehabilitation, and proportionality. These incidents highlight the significance of tackling the sociopolitical and cultural elements that sustain support for the death sentence in Bangladesh. A comparable shift might be made possible by legislative changes combined with international involvement and public education.

Chapter 3: International Human Rights Insights

3.1 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

The ICCPR, which emphasizes the right to life as a fundamental and inalienable value, is a pillar of international human rights legislation. While acknowledging the death penalty’s existence, Article 6 of the ICCPR limits its use to the “most serious crimes.” It also demands strict measures to stop the willful taking of life. With member parties promising not to carry out executions and to work toward the elimination of the death penalty, the 1989 Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR marks a global commitment to do away with the death penalty.

In accordance with international human rights standards, Australia and New Zealand have both ratified the Second Optional Protocol. Bangladesh, on the other hand, has accepted the ICCPR but has not yet signed the protocol, citing sociopolitical issues at home. This discrepancy highlights the conflict between local legal and cultural circumstances and international human rights norms.

3.2 Human Rights Critiques on Death Penalty

Many people believe that the death sentence violates basic human rights, including the right to life and the ban on harsh, inhuman, or degrading treatment. Retentionist regimes have been repeatedly pushed to abolish the death penalty by international organizations, including as the United Nations Human Rights Committee. These worries are made worse by the fact that executions are final and that there is a chance of incorrect convictions.

Human rights groups have reported cases in Bangladesh where due process was violated in capital cases. Problems including forced confessions, poor legal counsel, and political trials draw attention to the structural weaknesses that compromise the death penalty’s validity and equity. These flaws damage the public’s trust in the legal system in addition to violating international human rights norms.

3.3 Regional and Global Patterns

The increasing number of nations that have either outlawed the death penalty in law or in practice is indicative of the global trend toward abolition. Over two-thirds of nations worldwide are currently abolitionist, according to Amnesty International. This change reflects a wider understanding of the death penalty’s weak deterrence effectiveness and incompatibility with contemporary human rights standards.

But development has been uneven in the Asia-Pacific area. Some nations, like Bangladesh, India, and China, still use the death sentence, despite nations like Australia and New Zealand having adopted abolition. inequities in political systems, cultural norms, and degrees of compliance with international human rights instruments are frequently the root causes of regional inequities. Any move towards abolition for Bangladesh will require negotiating these regional forces.

3.4 Case Studies advocating Human Rights

Abolitionist state case studies demonstrate how human rights activism propels change. High-profile cases like R v. Tait, along with continuous campaigns by civil society organizations, were crucial in influencing legislative reform and public opinion in Australia. Similar to this, public awareness efforts that highlighted the dangers of erroneous convictions and the moral imperatives of human rights helped New Zealand abolish the death sentence.

These instances show how grassroots activism and international pressure can be used to challenge long-standing traditions in Bangladesh. The court, international organizations, and civil society working together could offer a method to bring national legislation into compliance with international human rights norms.

3.5 Implementation in Bangladesh

In order to implement a human rights-based strategy for the death penalty in Bangladesh, structural issues with the legal system must be resolved. Important first steps include removing coercive methods, guaranteeing access to competent legal counsel, and fortifying due process protections. Furthermore, Bangladesh would demonstrate its commitment to respecting the right to life and conforming to international standards by ratifying the Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR.

Although there is still a lot of sociopolitical opposition to abolition, putting the discussion in the framework of human rights may assist change public opinion. Highlighting the death penalty’s moral, legal, and practical flaws while presenting effective abolitionist models provides Bangladesh with a positive path ahead.

Chapter 4: Legal Frameworks and Case Law Analysis

4.1 Regulations in Bangladesh

The Penal Code of 1860, which establishes the death sentence for crimes like murder (Section 302), terrorism, and drug trafficking under the Narcotics Control Act, is the foundation of the legal system that oversees the death penalty in Bangladesh. Article 35(3) of the Bangladeshi Constitution permits the death penalty as long as due process is followed. Concerns about the equitable implementation of these rules still exist, though. These difficulties are made worse by cases of forced confessions and restricted access to qualified legal counsel, raising concerns about the system’s legitimacy.

4.2 Judicial Ruling System in Bangladesh

Retaliation and deterrence have frequently been highlighted in Bangladeshi court rulings. Prominent incidents that demonstrate the interaction of legal and political elements include the death of Abdul Quader Molla after his trial by the International Crimes Tribunal. Critics object to procedural errors and claims of political involvement, while supporters contend that these trials provide victims with justice. These incidents highlight the necessity of improved protections against abuse and judicial reform.

4.3 Australia: Legal and Legislative Significant Developments

The death penalty was abolished in Australia as a result of numerous legislative actions and court decisions. The death penalty was outlawed in all jurisdictions by the Crimes Legislation Amendment (Torture Prohibition and Death Penalty Abolition) Act 2010. A move toward proportionality and rehabilitation is seen in court rulings like R v. Tait (1979). The High Court underlined in this decision that sentence must strike a balance between the possibility of offender improvement and society retaliation.

4.4 New Zealand: A Flexible Policy

New Zealand’s judicial philosophy and legislative history serve as the foundation for its abolitionist position. The death penalty was abolished in 1961 by the Crimes Act, which was backed by a judiciary that became more aware of the dangers of erroneous convictions. Public and political support for abolition was greatly aided by cases that exposed judicial errors. The strategy used by New Zealand highlights how crucial openness and public participation are to legal improvements.

4.5 Comparative Perspectives

Bangladesh may learn a lot from Australia’s and New Zealand’s experiences. Through a combination of public debate, judicial advocacy, and legislative action, both nations made the shift from retentionist to abolitionist regimes. Important takeaways include the significance of maintaining procedural justice, prioritizing rehabilitation over retaliation, and bringing national legislation into compliance with international human rights norms.

4.6 Proposals for Bangladeshi Reform

Bangladesh should think about implementing the following changes to achieve justice and conform to international standards:

1. To avoid erroneous convictions, strengthen procedural safeguards.
2. Improve underprivileged populations’ access to knowledgeable legal counsel.
3.  Propose changes to the law to restrict the range of capital offenses.
4.  Encourage judges to receive training on alternative sentencing procedures and human rights.

Bangladesh can advance toward a more fair and just legal system that respects the values of justice and human dignity by implementing these policies.

Chapter 5: Alternatives to Capital Punishment

5.1 Imprisonment for Life Without Parole

LWOP, or life in prison without the possibility of parole, is frequently mentioned as a successful and compassionate substitute for the death penalty. It offers a way to protect public safety while upholding the intrinsic worth of human life. The death penalty has been superseded by LWOP as the final punishment in places like Australia and New Zealand. According to studies, LWOP can prevent the possibility of a wrongful execution while acting as a deterrence to significant offenses. Adopting LWOP would necessitate changes to the penal code and sentencing rules in Bangladesh in order to guarantee that these penalties be administered equitably and consistently.

5.2 Mechanisms of Restorative Justice

An alternate strategy that prioritizes healing and forgiveness over retaliation is restorative justice. To address the suffering produced by criminal activities, this concept entails communication between victims, offenders, and communities. The criminal justice system in New Zealand has incorporated restorative justice approaches, especially for young offenders. By encouraging community involvement and lowering recidivism, restorative justice principles could supplement existing sentencing options in Bangladesh, even though they are not directly relevant to all capital cases.

5.3 Programs for Rehabilitation and Reintegration

The goal of rehabilitation programs is to treat the underlying factors that contribute to criminal conduct, such as substance abuse, poverty, and illiteracy. As a component of larger sentencing changes, nations such as Australia have made investments in rehabilitation programs. When parole is an option, rehabilitation programs can offer LWOP offenders the chance to grow personally and eventually reintegrate into society. Expanding prison rehabilitation initiatives could help Bangladesh reduce some of the societal costs of long-term incarceration.

5.4 The Effects of Alternatives on the Economy

Because of the drawn-out and intricate appeals procedure, the financial consequences of upholding the death penalty are frequently more than those of alternative sentencing choices. Significant financial reductions have been shown in studies from abolitionist states after the death penalty was abolished. There may be wider social advantages to reallocating funds to community policing, victim assistance programs, and preventative initiatives. A cost-benefit study might show Bangladesh’s financial gains from doing away with the death penalty.

5.5 Taking Public Opinion into Account

Perceptions of justice and deterrent are frequently the main reasons why the public supports the death penalty. Public opinion can be changed with the use of educational initiatives that emphasize the shortcomings of the death penalty and the advantages of substitutes. Public awareness campaigns were essential in gaining support for abolition in New Zealand. Similar to this, involving civil society organizations, educators, and religious leaders in Bangladesh could promote a more knowledgeable and fair discussion on the subject.

5.6 Comparative Analysis and Suggestions

Australia’s and New Zealand’s experiences show that alternatives to the death penalty can accomplish both public safety and justice. Making the switch to such alternatives will necessitate a multifaceted strategy for Bangladesh that includes institutional capacity building, public involvement, and legal reforms. Particular suggestions include of the following:

1. Implementing LWOP to the list of possible sentences for the most serious offenses.
2.  Increasing the scope of restorative justice initiatives to supplement conventional sentencing guidelines.
3.  Funding programs for reintegration and rehabilitation in order to lower recidivism.
4.  Organizing public awareness initiatives to dispel myths regarding the death penalty.
5.  Setting aside funds to improve the criminal justice system in order to guarantee fair trials and compassionate treatment of criminals.

By implementing these policies, Bangladesh can address internal issues and follow international trends, opening the door to a more just and efficient legal system.

Chapter 6: Consequences of Abolition

6.1 Abolition’s Effects on Society

There are significant societal impacts to abolishing the death penalty. The abolishment of the death penalty has helped change public perceptions of justice and human rights in abolitionist nations like Australia and New Zealand. Because there is no longer a chance of wrongful executions, the public’s trust in these nations’ legal systems has increased. Additionally, abolition frequently promotes a rehabilitative and reintegration culture, which can improve social cohesiveness and lower recidivism rates. Similar results might be anticipated for Bangladesh if the death penalty were abolished, however considerable work would be required to overcome public opposition and foster confidence in alternative sentencing procedures.

6.2Effects of Abolition on the Law

Legally speaking, abolition brings national legislation into compliance with international human rights norms like the ICCPR and its Second Optional Protocol. The death penalty’s repeal has improved nations’ standing internationally and reaffirmed their adherence to international human rights norms, such as New Zealand. Abolition in Bangladesh would require significant legal changes, such as revisions to the Constitution and the Penal Code. It will also be essential to make sure the judiciary has the tools necessary to handle complicated cases without using the death penalty.

6.3 Economic Consequences

Since upholding the death penalty entails high expenses for drawn-out trials, appeals, and death row detention, abolition also has financial advantages. Research from abolitionist nations has demonstrated that redistributing these funds to community policing, victim assistance, and crime prevention can improve public safety. A cost-benefit analysis that emphasizes these benefits for Bangladesh could persuade decision-makers who are thinking about abolition.

6.4 Aspects of Human Rights

In order to protect fundamental human rights, the death penalty must be abolished. The death penalty is incompatible with the ideals of justice and equity due to the irrevocable nature of executions and the possibility of judicial error. Bangladesh will show its dedication to upholding international human rights commitments and defending the right to life by abolishing the death sentence. Additionally, this action might improve Bangladesh’s diplomatic ties with abolitionist nations and solidify its standing in international  platform.

Chapter 7: Issues and Proposals for Bangladesh

7.1 Social and Political Difficulties

Strong popular support is a major barrier to Bangladesh’s death penalty repeal. Due in large part to cultural and religious beliefs that prioritize retributive justice, many persons believe that the death penalty is an essential deterrent for horrible crimes. Another difficulty is political opposition, since decision-makers worry about losing support from the public if they appear to be forgiving of criminal activity. Furthermore, the death sentence is occasionally applied as a political tactic, especially in well-publicized instances involving opposition figures.

The topic is further complicated by media representation. Public desire for the death penalty is frequently fueled by sensationalist reporting on crimes, which makes it challenging to promote an informed debate on the subject. Public awareness efforts and discussions that draw attention to the moral, legal, and practical flaws in the death penalty are crucial to overcoming these obstacles.

7.2 Institutional and Legal Obstacles

The death sentence is still permitted under Bangladeshi law. The death penalty is stipulated in the Penal Code of 1860 for a number of crimes, such as drug trafficking, terrorism, and murder. It would take a lot of judicial and political will to change these statutes. Furthermore, the judiciary frequently places a strong emphasis on retribution and deterrence in sentencing, which reflects broader society views.

The likelihood of incorrect convictions is increased by institutional flaws including restricted access to competent legal counsel and a dearth of protections against forced confessions. In order to have a more equal justice system, it is imperative that the judiciary be strengthened and that fair trial standards be followed. Bangladesh’s adherence to international human rights standards would also be shown by its ratification of international agreements like the Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR.

7.3 Financial Aspects

Maintaining the death penalty has a significant financial cost. Compared to alternative sentencing like life in prison without the possibility of parole, the expenses of long trials, appeals, and the upkeep of death row facilities are frequently higher. There may be more social advantages if these funds were allocated to victim support services, rehabilitation initiatives, and preventative measures.

Policymakers might be persuaded by a cost-benefit study that shows the death penalty’s financial inefficiencies. Gaining political and popular support for reform may also be facilitated by showcasing the economic benefits of abolition.

7.4 Diplomacy and International Pressure

Abolitionist nations and international human rights organizations are putting more and more pressure on Bangladesh to change its position on the death sentence. Following worldwide trends would improve Bangladesh’s standing in international fora and fortify its diplomatic ties. For example, abolition might open the door to more commerce and development assistance with nations that value human rights.

Bangladesh might work with groups like Amnesty worldwide and the Death Penalty Project to increase worldwide support. These collaborations may offer advocacy support and technical assistance to ease the transition to abolition.

7.5 Suggestions

Bangladesh should think about taking the following actions to overcome these issues and make the transition to abolition:

1. Public Awareness initiatives: Start national efforts to inform the public about the dangers and restrictions of the death sentence, highlighting its lack of deterrence and the possibility of erroneous executions. A more knowledgeable public conversation can be promoted by including civil society organizations, educators, and religious leaders.

1. Legislative Reforms: Modify the Penal Code to limit the range of capital offenses and implement alternatives to the death penalty, like life in prison without the possibility of release. The people may be less resistant to change if the death penalty is gradually abolished.

1. Judicial Learning: Offer prosecutors and judges courses on alternative sentencing procedures and human rights concepts. For reform to be sustained, the judges must be encouraged to put rehabilitation ahead of retaliation.

1. Improving Legal Protections: Make certain that all defendants in capital trials have access to fair trial procedures and qualified legal counsel. The legitimacy of the legal system will be improved by putting protections in place against forced confessions and procedural mistakes.

1. International Cooperation: To obtain financial and technical support for reforms, collaborate with abolitionist states and international organizations. A more seamless transition can be achieved by exchanging best practices and knowledge from other nations.

1. Economic Reallocation: Evaluate the death penalty’s costs and benefits in detail and reallocate funds to programs that promote victim assistance, rehabilitation, and crime prevention. The case for abolition can be strengthened by pointing out the capital punishment’s economic inefficiencies.

7.6 Conclusion

The objective of abolishing the death penalty in Bangladesh is difficult yet attainable. A multifaceted strategy that places a high priority on public education, legislative reform, and international cooperation is needed to address socio political resistance, legal obstacles, and economic difficulties. Bangladesh may develop a more equitable and compassionate legal system that complies with international human rights standards by learning from Australia’s and New Zealand’s experiences. Bangladesh can improve its standing as a forward-thinking country dedicated to justice and human rights protection by making little but meaningful progress toward abolition.

Chapter 8: Conclusion

8.1 Overview of Outcomes

With an emphasis on Bangladesh, Australia, and New Zealand, this study has offered a thorough examination of the death sentence from historical, legal, and human rights viewpoints. In contrast to Australia’s and New Zealand’s successful abolition experiences, it emphasized Bangladesh’s socio political and legal difficulties. The inefficiency of the death penalty as a deterrent, the financial burden it places on society, and the possibility of erroneous executions are among the main conclusions. The study also highlighted the consequences of keeping the death penalty for human rights, especially with regard to due process and the right to life.

8.2 Importance for Bangladesh

Bangladesh has the chance to fix structural issues in its legal system and conform to international human rights standards by abolishing the death sentence. Abolition will improve Bangladesh’s standing abroad, fortify its legal system, and lower the possibility of judicial errors. However, the sociopolitical difficulties highlight the necessity of a planned and incremental change strategy. While legal and judicial reforms are necessary to facilitate a smooth transition, public education and awareness efforts will be crucial in changing cultural perceptions.

8.3 Insights from New Zealand and Australia

Bangladesh may learn a lot from Australia’s and New Zealand’s experiences. Both nations showed that institutional reforms, political leadership, and persistent public campaigning may lead to abolition. Their focus on alternatives like restorative justice procedures and life in jail without the possibility of parole offers Bangladesh a workable framework. Additionally, their involvement with international human rights organizations emphasizes how crucial it is to match national policy with international norms.

8.4 Suggestions for Upcoming Research

Although this study offers a basic analysis, more investigation is required to examine the long-term effects of abolition in nations with comparable sociopolitical situations to Bangladesh. Comparative research on other South Asian countries may provide information on regional dynamics and reform tactics. More focused lobbying initiatives may also be influenced by empirical studies on public opinion and the socioeconomic effects of alternative sentencing.

8.5 Concluding Considerations

A vital step toward justice, human dignity, and the defense of fundamental rights is the repeal of the death sentence. This path necessitates a multifaceted strategy for Bangladesh that incorporates international cooperation, public involvement, and legal reforms. Bangladesh may blaze a trail toward a more just and compassionate legal system by taking lessons from Australia and New Zealand. The potential advantages, both nationally and globally, make the fight for abolition worthwhile, despite the difficult path ahead. Bangladesh may establish itself as a forward-thinking country dedicated to respecting the greatest principles of justice and human rights by embracing transformation.

Bibliography

Primary sources

• Penal code 1860 (Bangladesh)
• Cases: R v Tait (1979) 24 ALR 473 (HCA).
• Constitution of Bangladesh, Article 35(3)
• Abdul Kader Molla v State [2013] ICT-BD 5
• International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976) 999 UNTS 171.
• Manfred Nowak, N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR Commentary (2nd edn, NP Engel 2005).
• Crimes Act 1961 (New Zealand), s 172.
• Death Penalty Project, ‘Justice without Death: Economic Implications of Abolition’ (Death Penalty Project, 2020) https://www.deathpenaltyproject.org accessed 25 December 2024.

Secondary sources:

• Books: Roger Hood and Carolyn Hoyle, The Death Penalty: A Worldwide Perspective (5th edn, OUP 2015).
• Journal Articles:

1. Sangha, K., and Moles, R., ‘Miscarriages of Justice and the Abolition of the Death Penalty in Australia’ (2016) 12 UWA L Rev 56.

2. William Schabas, ‘The Abolition of the Death Penalty in International Law’ (2002) 3 Int Comp LQ 19.

• Reports:

1. Amnesty International, ‘Death Sentences and Executions 2023’ (AI Index: ACT 50/7955/2023).

• Blogs and News:

1. Brad Adams, ‘Bangladesh’s Misguided Commitment to the Death Penalty’ (Human Rights Watch Blog, 2021) https://www.hrw.org accessed 25 December 2024.
2. ‘Execution of War Criminal Stirs Controversy in Bangladesh’ The Daily Star (Dhaka, 10 December 2023).